Stephen Dietz is a playwright I admire greatly, not only for his wonderful, beautifully crafted and deeply insightful plays, but also for his incredible attention to process and craft. Once, after watching Stephen listening intently to an actor reciting lines that Stephen has just revised during a workshop of one of his plays, I asked him why it was so important to him to hear the words read aloud. He told me he had learned, long ago, that when he was confronted with a choice in his writing between meaning and sound, to go with sound every time.
A few years ago, I had the extraordinary good fortune to hear one of Stephen’s lectures, in which Stephen proposed what he called “The Four Seductions” – pitfalls that ensnare us and seduce us away from the real business of creating art and instead lead us down blind alleys and stymie our growth as artists.
Stephen’s list of the Four Seductions is:
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Distrust of Beauty
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Disparagement of Craft
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Criticism
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Blaming the Audience
Distrust of Beauty – In the current art world, it’s fashionable to advance our work by making it ‘edgy’. There’s a sort of consensus that ‘beauty’ has been done to death, and that if a work is beautiful, then it must be passé. There’s a sense that since beauty is a quality that’s awfully hard to pin down, that it must therefore be unimportant, and that striving for beauty is a fool’s errand. It’s a whole heck of a lot easier to provoke an emotional response by doing art that’s gratuitously offensive than it is to make art that arouses a passionate response by making something beautiful. Because of these pressures, it’s often the case that we’re not attentive enough the place of beauty in our art. And, before we get caught up in the “I don’t want to just make pretty things”, I’d like to quote Eolake Stobblehouse, who wrote that “Note that beautiful does not necessarily mean pretty. Pretty is Beautiful’s popular sister.”
Disparagement of Craft – Likewise, there’s a sense that craft is not what art is about, and therefore it’s unimportant. Thus we get plays that are poorly structured, with poorly written dialogue and hopeless plotting, offered up with the excuse that because the subject matter of the play is socially relevant and ‘edgy’ (note the implicit disparagement of beauty) we should excuse the poor craft. Stephen told an anecdote about going to Europe with his family and some friends, and seeing all the glorious sculptures done by Michangelo, Donatello, et al. He asked his friend (a sculptor, apparently) why no one did representational sculpture any more. His friend replied “Because, Stephen, it’s Very Hard to Do.” Craft is sometimes hard, and the temptation to slip one past can be overwhelming.
Criticism – It’s far easier to criticize than to create. There are lots of artists in the world who look at work and say “Hey, I could do that, and do it better”. But somehow, they never seem to get around to doing the work – they’ve been distracted by the flush they get when they elevate themselves above the productive artist by picking apart work that’s actually been done. Stephen suggested that when you catch yourself engaging in some criticism, that you should look at what you’re thinking/saying. Are you trying to figure out what went wrong, and what might be done to put it right? Or are you looking at the work and trying to find ways to run it down so that you feel superior to the artist?
Blaming the Audience – Finally, when one of our works of art fails, the temptation is to blame the audience. They aren’t perceptive enough, they aren’t smart enough, they don’t have the right education, or perhaps they simply aren’t sensitive enough to respond correctly to your work (which you feel is absolutely superlative in every respect). If only we had the RIGHT audience, we assure ourselves, our work would get the recognition and acclaim it (and we) deserves.
I’m sure I’ve done an inadequate job of trying to capture Stephen’s ideas accurately – for one thing, he advanced all of this in a far more articulate way than I ever could. But I heard the lecture a couple of years ago, now, and I find that I’m still turning all these ideas over in my head. If you can look past my meager presentation and try to get to Stephen’s ideas, I think there’s a lot there for consideration.
Paul, this is a thought-provoking post.
I think that one of the reasons both craft and beauty are distrusted is that they’ve been co-opted by industry. Well-manufactured goods have such a high degree of craft that we take it for granted. And we’re constantly bombarded by beauty in advertising, with the purpose of selling us something.
I have a high regard for both beauty and craft, but I want something more than that from art. I want invention, surprise, depth. I want something that will make me see the world from another angle. If it contains beauty, and craft, and some of those other qualities, well then it’s got my attention.
‘Edgy’ is definitely one of my alarm words. I’m sure the vogue for ‘edgy’ will go away….eventually. Although whether it will morph into ‘beautifully edgy’ time will tell.
The beauty question bothers me. Or at least the distinction between pretty and beautiful. If we exclude the popular sister, and agree that beauty is an idea ‘awfully hard to pin down’ then there is a danger that it doesn’t mean anything. Or at least that it becomes a word with a (or 6 billion) personal meaning(s).
I certainly agree with your idea that a distrust of beauty is a mistake. But what is this beauty thing?
I came across an idea called narrative gaps a while back, which seemed to me to be one way into understanding questions about why something appeals to one person and not another. That foggy landscape may be a thing of beauty to you and me Paul, but to others…yuk! Let’s get back to the city.
Nice post Paul. The “Four Seductions” are like four demons one must learn to deal with to pass onto the next phase.
Colin asks a question that some artists and thinkers have questioned for years; what is beauty? Beauty could be described as something having more pleasing elements than displeasing elements. Some have described “favorable” geometry as playing a role,(probably true as well). In the end however, the artist must take a stand on their opinion in the matter of beauty.
I agree with David ‘I have a high regard for both beauty and craft, but I want something more than that from art. I want invention, surprise, depth.’I figured that rather than expecting it from other’s all the time, I should try and learn for myself if I could do it. By learning to paint on my own, I will see if I have it in myself to produce these finer qualities that I personally insist on when viewing the works of others. I have found it surprisingly humbling and difficult to paint well, it has greatly deepened my respect for great artists and their profound achievements.
Criticism — Here I disagree with Stephen, or at least your presentation of him. I think we need far more criticism. The standard idea today is “I’m an artist, only I can judge my own work, don’t tell me what to do.” The result is that artists don’t communicate and they don’t improve. To me, this is a big part of the excitement of A&P, the honest critiques (e.g., 1,2,3,4,5). It was also key to Bartman‘s success as a teacher — tough group critique.
Let me offer some criticism of your post. The entire first paragraph is unnecessary. This is a blog post. Even intelligent people expect to have instant gratification, to know what the point is right away. Why do you think you have special rights to violate the expectations for the medium?
You should have done it like this:
Title: “The Four Seductions”
Text: “The Four seductions” — these are pitfalls that ensnare us . . .”
You grabbed my attention with the title, but you lost me with that first paragraph. Editing as I suggest above would draw me in directly to the text.
The other three points are great: Blaming the Audience, Disparagement of Craft, Distrust of Beauty.
We could add: writing about the problems of being an artist, as in writing a post called “The Four Seductions.”
Paul, are you not being seduced away from art here yourself? I like Stephen’s ideas, but I want to hear your ideas. What is your passion in art?
I like Stephen’s ideas, but I want to hear your ideas. What is your passion in art?
I disagree. By presenting Stephen’s ideas, Paul is sharing something with us that clearly has influenced his thinking, and that he is still evaluating. Seems just as relevant as posting someone else’s painting and having us all talk about the colors and lighting.
Also, I think it’s a mistake to critique the posts themselves. This is, after all, a conversation, not journalism or a term paper.
Karl:
“The result is that artists don’t communicate” – it is at least a plausible position to hold that art isn’t about communication.
“I think we need far more criticism………..To me, this is a big part of the excitement of A&P, the honest critiques” – doesn’t this mix up two rather important words/ideas? Critique = a serious examination and judgment of something, whilst Criticism = disapproval expressed by pointing out faults or shortcomings. And yes, I know that we could argue word definitions all day (those are Princeton’s by the way, not ones I’ve made up), but there is a real difference here.
“It’s far easier to criticize than to create.” – I agree with this wholeheartedly. And what is more, outside of a teaching/technical environment, criticising rarely does either the giver or the receiver any good.
“Paul, are you not being seduced away from art here yourself? I like Stephen’s ideas, but I want to hear your ideas. What is your passion in art?” Is it not a valuable use of this time and bandwidth to mull over things on our minds?
I’ve been thinking about the comments about beauty and craftsmanship in this post all day today. My work is motivated (among other things) by a search for beauty, specifically beautiful proportions. This is definitely is not edgy thing to study these days so I appreciated reading this.
But I also agree with David that when beauty and craftsmanship are the only goals then the work can leave me cold. I certainly have pieces where I missed the mark and all that was left was a well made piece with nice lines – they look like formal studies with no soul and aren’t very exciting at all.
While I view everything as a learning experience and don’t get too upset when it happens, I do take it as a sign I need to pay more attention to what I’m doing.
Karl I disagree with your assessment of Paul’s writing. I like the first paragraph because it gives me context for the post.
Although I also agree with David that critiquing posting styles is probably not a direction we need to go in as I think it only discourages participation instead of encourages.
Karl writes: Criticism — Here I disagree with Stephen, or at least your presentation of him. I think we need far more criticism. The standard idea today is “I’m an artist, only I can judge my own work, don’t tell me what to do.”
Apparently my lack of concision makes this point hard to understand. I don’t think Stephen thinks criticism is bad (he saves really inventive bad reviews of his work, for instance, and from what I’ve seen he is one of the playwrights most open to criticism.
I think it’s more a matter of observing that hanging around with your emerging playwriting friends and attempting to shred the play you’ve just seen does not make you a playwright. Writing plays makes you a playwright.
We could add: writing about the problems of being an artist, as in writing a post called “The Four Seductions.”
Paul, are you not being seduced away from art here yourself?
My day today included driving my wife to the airport so she could fly across the continent to spend time with her dying father, then driving home, checking on the flood damage in my community, writing and posting the blog post you are criticizing, making several new prints of new photos taken in the last two days, then driving to another photographer’s home for lunch and a two hour critique session, getting criticism of some two dozen of my recent prints from him (and going over his prints, too), and then having a discussion about the progess each of us is making on our current projects. Then I drove home, read these comments, typed up this response, and now I have to leave, find some fast dinner, attend a Seattle Dramatists board meeting, and then drive home.
So there are lots of things that threaten to distract me from making art, but I seem to be making time to both make new work and get criticism of the work I’ve done recently, so I think I’m striking an OK balance.
To paraphrase Blaise Pascal, I apologize for the length of both the blog post and this response. I lack the time to make them shorter.
When I first read this post, I stopped completely at the part where it says
…when he was confronted with a choice in his writing between meaning and sound, to go with sound every time.
That’s a big wow! of an idea.
I still can’t get my mind to encompass it. I’m letting that settle in. I need to listen and look for examples of that for awhile. I notice he says “when confronted by a choice,” so that’s not simply “meaning versus sound.”
I will consider that.
Then I read the rest of the post. When I was out in the yard doing all the earth moving I’ve been having to do, I had some very interesting things to think about. Thank you Paul.
Here’s what came up.
Going for edge over beauty is something I’ve quite consciously done many times. It’s something I’ll keep doing too. There are times when it is appropriate, like a political cartoon or satire. If we accept the notion, as Tchaikovsky suggested, that in art we express all the emotions of the soul, then we must master dissonance.
Truth and Beauty are not, as Keats suggested, identities. More naíve words have scarcely been uttered.
And craft is not what art is about. Art is about communication. Craft is the means, not the end. If it were the end, then robots would make the best art.
Karl has continued to make a case for the useful style of criticism, though English speakers will ordinarily acknowledge that sense only in the word “critique.” I think the real difference is, does a critique help one to get better? If not, then ignore it.
Anecdotally, a fun way to handle a “critic” is to make fun of their style of criticism, and if you’re feeling really devilish, offer suggestions as to how they could improve their critique.
But I totally agree Dietz on the Blaming the Audience point. I have seen SO much of that among artists. It is a fatal flaw. It is the responsibility of the artist to communicate.
It is not true that an audience has no responsibility however. Since art is communication, it follows that it is by nature participatory. Many forms, like Abstract Expressionism or Jazz, are acquired tastes. People who enjoy these forms are able to participate. Those who cannot will not enjoy them.
Paul, I’m just being obnoxious above, I realize. I like your post a lot. Thanks for being so good natured about my comment.
I’m fascinated about all this critiquing you do with your photographer colleagues. I hope you will show something here for discussion. In the meantime I’ll be checking out your blog.
Colin,
Whether art is about communication or not is not my point. Plumbing is not about communication, but it is good if plumbers get together and discuss their work. Artists should do this also. I’ve seen many art groups where it is something of a taboo to say anything about other people’s work. These are not the most successful groups I have seen.
Lisa and David,
I’m so glad I’m not in school anymore! I’ll try not to criticize the post style in general. This is not a writing group, but a visual art group (as I understand it). I don’t want to discourage participation, clearly.
But please do criticize my posts (and continue to do so with my comments as well). I value your suggestions.
Rex,
You wrote: “does a critique help one to get better? If not, then ignore it.” My approach is, don’t show it unless I want critique. If I show it, I pay attention to the critique. It’s hard to ignore a critique, unless it is a lousy one with no content whatsoever. And even then, it’s hard to ignore it. With a newborn idea, it might be better to keep it sheltered. Once you go public, you’re going to get criticism. If you’re lucky, people will take the time to express it in a form (like a blog comment) where you can access it.
Karl:
art/communication
I misread your paragraph. However, Rex makes the assertion later so my point still stands …..grin…..
Rex:
…when he was confronted with a choice in his writing between meaning and sound, to go with sound every time.
That is indeed an idea worth holding on to and examining at length. Thank you to Paul for capturing it and presenting it to us in such a clear form.
Beauty – I fear that striving for beauty is as damaging as striving to avoid it. In fact I fear that striving in art is a mistake full stop.
Striving is a conscious activity. When I let conscious activities take over then my work becomes more ordinary.
Lisa: I know you don’t use the word ‘strive’. Rather you say that “My work is motivated (among other things) by a search for beauty”. I’d be interested in hearing you expand upon that. How analytical is this process and motivation?
Fascinating, as ever. I was interested in the original first paragraph as an ex children’s book publisher, because that is the way I used to gauge the quality of text: by reading it out loud. As a lover of theatre it gave me a jolt to realise how easy it is to underestimate the effect of sound in the mix of visual presentation of meaning. I should have been more aware of it not only because of my publishing background, but because I listen to the radio all day while I am working. This initial paragraph on its own would have been sufficient to give my brain a good chew.
The body of the post, however, could be the beginning of a doctorate thesis. Life being short, however, here is a precis reaction.
I agree with the four distractions.
It does not matter whose view of beauty one discusses, but the artist should pursue their manifestation of beauty, not anyone else’s. The observer brings their own baggage and will engage or not.
The artist must strive to make the work as well as can possibly be – whether the craft of this is perfect smooth representational buttocks, or fitting a tyre round an angora goat it should not be sloppy in its own context.
The critic I believe should also be concerned with context, and should ‘show their workings’ – i.e. explain their views, not simply summarise whether the critique is negative or positive.
The artist should always try to be their own audience, constantly critical of their own work in the attempt to improve – their work, their understanding of themselves and others, their ambitions….
I think that with regards to beauty, there are three broad categories of art. Better yet, you could say that there are three ways of approaching artmaking. The first is to try to make things that everybody will recognize as beautiful. This is an honorable tradition, and indeed one that has been unfairly neglected in modern times. At its worst, however, art like this can be dull and uninteresting. (This seems to be Paul’s position, but I’m not entirely sure).
The second approach, and to my mind the best, is to leave beauty as an open question. There is a possibility of letting in elements of ugliness, or working with forms of beauty that may be strange or unfamiliar. Beauty becomes something to be debated, not assumed. For me at least, this makes art more interesting.
The third, of course, is to go all out for ugliness or deformity. I think you can see this in the latter work of Goya; from there it has developed into the kinds of “edgy” work that Paul so detests. While this has indeed been carried to some distasteful extremes, I think the broader tradition is legitimate.
Is there not a difference between the beauty of a work of art and the conventional perceived beauty of the subjectmatter? Can there not be a beautiful portrayal of an ‘ugly’ subject? The beauty in a work of art can be its ability to catch the observer’s mind in a timeless way, or to present the subject in a way that would not otherwise be considered, perhaps, ….
The definition of beauty moves with perceptions and presentations of artists whose role it is in many ways to keep the concept fluid and developing. It is the great artists who point the way, who enable us to see something previously unappreciated.
I think you can see this in the latter work of Goya; from there it has developed into the kinds of “edgy” work that Paul so detests.
Thanks, Arthur, for such an insightful response.
Just a clarification to try to move the conversation along – it’s not ‘edgy’ work I despise. There’s lots of fairly confrontational art that I actually both love and think is quite strong.
Nor do I think that only beautiful subjects are appropriate – Mary Ellen Mark’s Streetwise series of photographs comes to mind as art about an ‘edgy’ and not particularly beautiful subject matter. But those photographs are stuck in my brain because she’s made beautiful photographs of an edgy, uncomfortable subject. Lewis Hine is one of my photographic heros, and his photographs of child labor not only depicted mistreatment and squalor so clearly that they helped spark a huge current of social change, but also stand as great art – beautiful photographs of ugliness, because Hine had the ability to make great, accessible art about a hugely uncomfortable subject.
What I dislike so intensely is that so many artists see successful work like Streetwise, or Diane Arbus’s work, and they conclude that just dealing with confrontational subject matter or depicting ugliness without any insight offers a shortcut to creating art that’s fashionable and will establish their reputation as an artist.
To use one of the more publicly discussed examples, I like much of Andre Serrano’s work, including the hugely controversial “Piss Christ”. But I also think that it’s not work that is easily accessible to someone who hasn’t spent time struggling with some of the religious issues I think he’s trying to articulate, with the result that it’s easily misconstrued.
I also think that it’s frighteningly easy to make a glib ‘Piss Christ’ or “Madonna and Child” knockoff, provoke a big controversy, and establish a spotlighted ‘artistic’ career without ever making art which is insightful or even very good. And I think that when people do that, they are running the art world down what we eventually will realize was an artistic blind alley.
I also think that it’s frighteningly easy to make a glib ‘Piss Christ’ or “Madonna and Child” knockoff, provoke a big controversy, and establish a spotlighted ‘artistic’ career without ever making art which is insightful or even very good.
I agree. We saw a lot of this in the 80s during the whole NEA debacle. Serrano’s work is solid, but there were an enormous number of works created shortly after by me too! artists trying to cash in on the controversy.
Since we’re talking about beauty and ugliness, and photography, check out some of this work by Edward Burtynsky. My favorites are under works>ships>shipbreaking.
David:
If you enjoyed the shipbreaking photos then you might find this page, which contains other information about the location, interesting.
In particular, follow the link about Salgado. Now, there truly is an artist who can make beauty from anything. Human misery notwithstanding.
I find that the Burtynsky photos tend towards the pretty. The web presentation doesn’t do them any favours – they probably need to be seen much larger – but most of his work doesn’t create a reaction in me at all.
Colin, thanks for the link. The site looks fascinating. The Salgado link I found there only took me to the cover of his book on Amazon. Wasn’t able to look inside. I’ll have to do some digging around to see more of his images.
Interesting that we have such different reactions to Burtynsky. I’m totally knocked out by his work. I guess that’s why there are so many differnt flavors of jellybeans :)
David, sorry I should have checked that the Salgado link was more than a book ad. There is lots on the web though. His bio, care of Unicef gives a quick intro and his book titles.
The site that I directed you to is mostly an equipment site, but there are articles of wider interest. It is one of the big hitters in terms of audience (million per month range), and influential.
For some reason this comment isn’t posting, so I’m trying again….
David, sorry I should have checked that the Salgado link was more than a book ad. There is lots on the web though. His bio, care of Unicef gives a quick intro and his book titles.
The site that I directed you to is mostly an equipment site, but there are articles of wider interest. It is one of the big hitters in terms of audience (million per month range), and influential.
Colin, thanks. I saw on the site that there was some information about color management, which at some point I need to learn about.
Paul, I appreciate and largely agree with your comments. I am beginning to suspect that our views are not as opposed as I had thought. It appears that I often have an exaggerated sense of difference, one that sometimes masks clear understanding of other people’s positions. Of course, the “conversation” goes on.
I’m a little concerned that there seems to be no distinction being made between aesthetically ugly subjects (Arbus) and morally “ugly” ones (Hine and ok sometimes Arbus too). Of course, the fact that both can be labeled as forms of ugliness suggests that on some emotional level we relate the two. Still, I think its an important (if slippery) distinction.
I also think that it’s frighteningly easy to make a glib ‘Piss Christ’ or “Madonna and Child” knockoff, provoke a big controversy, and establish a spotlighted ‘artistic’ career without ever making art which is insightful or even very good
Agreed, but I think this happens far less often than you seem to believe. Perhaps such work receives a disproportionate share of attention in the tabloid media (and understandably so). But so what? And while these may be overused as models, I wouldn’t want to thoughtful discourage young artists from following in their footsteps (or Arbus’, or Goya’s, although further distinctions need to be made between these artists).
Paul, I appreciate and largely agree with your comments. I am beginning to suspect that our views are not as opposed as I had thought. It appears that I often have an exaggerated sense of difference, one that sometimes masks clear understanding of other people’s positions. Of course, the “conversation” goes on.
I’m a little concerned that there seems to be no distinction being made between aesthetically ugly subjects (Arbus) and morally “ugly” ones (Hine and ok sometimes Arbus too). Of course, the fact that both can be labeled as forms of ugliness suggests that on some emotional level we relate the two. Still, I think its an important (if slippery) distinction.
I also think that it’s frighteningly easy to make a glib ‘Piss Christ’ or “Madonna and Child” knockoff, provoke a big controversy, and establish a spotlighted ‘artistic’ career without ever making art which is insightful or even very good
Agreed, but I think this happens far less often than you seem to believe. Perhaps such work receives a disproportionate share of attention in the tabloid media (and understandably so). But so what? And while these may be overused as models, I wouldn’t want to discourage thoughtful young artists from following in their footsteps (or Arbus’, or Goya’s, although further distinctions need to be made between these artists).